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audience wave

The "wave" (also called a Mexican wave) is a phenomenon that commonly occurs in the audiences of sporting events, and sometimes in other large crowds. A wave is a coordinated sequence of actions taken by the audience members in which a group of spectators lying along a radial line extending outward from the sport field all stand up and raise their arms, then return to a normal seated posture again as the neighboring group of spectators takes their turn to stand up.
The result is a "wave" of standing audience members that travels rapidly through the audience, even though individual audience members never move from their seats. In many large arenas the audience is seated in a circular arrangement all the way around the sport field, and so the wave is able to travel continuously around the arena; in non-circular seating arrangements, the wave can instead reflect back and forth through the audience. When the gap in seating is narrow, the wave can sometimes pass through it. Usually only one wave crest will be present at any given time in an arena.
The exact origin of the wave is unclear. It first gained popularity in the United States in the early 1980s, with the Oakland Athletics baseball team reporting that the first appearance of the wave at a Major League Baseball game was in Oakland, California on October 15, 1981. Others claim that the first wave originated in Husky stadium on October 31, 1981, at the prompting of cheerleader Rob Weller. The wave was apparently introduced into the soccer community at the 1986 World Cup in Mexico, from which the name "Mexican wave" derives.
In 2002, Tamás Vicsek of the Eötvös University, Hungary along with his colleagues analyzed videos of 14 waves at large Mexican soccer stadiums, developing a standard model of audience wave behavior (published in the September issue of Nature). He found that it takes only the actions of a few dozen fans to trigger a wave. Once started, it usually rolls in a clockwise direction at a rate of about 40 feet per second, or about 20 seats per second. At any given time an audience wave is about 15 seats wide. These observations appear to be applicable across different cultures and sports.

from Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia

grand merci! sans leur support et aide généreuse, wimbi n’aurait jamais pu arriver a ce stade-la.

je voudrais remercier tout le monde pour leur aide, leurs donations, et leur réductions de prix, leur patience, longues heures et postes de nuit, ainsi que leur amitié, écouté et confiance qu’ils ont montre dans moi et mes idées.

je voudrais aussi remercier les directeurs d'école, les professeurs et tous leurs collaborateurs, dans les écoles ou je travaillais, pour l'hospitalité et leurs conseils.

enfin, je voudrais vivement remercier tous mes étudiants pour le temps et l’effort dédiés au projet, pour leurs idées folles et drôles, et leur enthousiasme infatigable.

merci !

p.s.:
»merci beaucoup« to myriam baele for the french translation of these pages.

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